Guardians of privacy in the age of artificial intelligence: Librarians’ roles and realities in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: A case study involving two academic libraries in Cape Town

Abstract

Background: The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has introduced transformative technologies into academic libraries, offering opportunities to enhance access, efficiency and service delivery. The increasing reliance on digital platforms, data-driven tools and third-party services raises challenges regarding privacy, data protection and ethical information management.
Objectives: This study was guided by two research objectives. Firstly, it sought to investigate the current and projected adoption of 4IR technologies in academic libraries to enhance service provision. Secondly, it aimed to examine academic librarians’ concerns regarding user privacy within these evolving technological practices.
Method: Drawing on a case study of two academic libraries in Cape Town, this study examines librarians’ awareness, perceptions, and practices concerning data privacy, cybersecurity and regulatory compliance with the Protection of Personal Information Act. Using a qualitative case study of two anonymised academic libraries in Cape Town, the study examined librarians’ awareness, perceptions and practices regarding data privacy, cybersecurity and compliance with the POPI Act. The study also used thematic analysis to interpret the data and to provide insight into how institutional policies and technological infrastructures shape librarians’ responses to data protection obligations. Furthermore, the study highlights emerging challenges and opportunities for strengthening privacy practices within academic libraries in the context of evolving digital environments.
Results: Findings reveal that while libraries acknowledge the importance of privacy and confidentiality, gaps remain in institutional policies, technical capacity and staff training. The findings suggest that libraries must adopt a multidimensional approach, strengthening cybersecurity, enhancing ethical governance, fostering collaboration and investing in continuous staff development.
Conclusion: The study argues for a multidimensional approach that combines robust cybersecurity measures, ethical governance, collaboration and continuous staff development to safeguard patron confidentiality while advancing innovation.
Contribution: Libraries must navigate the intersection of technological advancement and ethical responsibility, while ensuring that emerging technologies reinforce, rather than undermine the values of access, equity and privacy.